{"id":2060,"date":"2017-10-03T02:55:50","date_gmt":"2017-10-03T02:55:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/jjhcsj.com\/?p=2060"},"modified":"2017-11-20T11:43:00","modified_gmt":"2017-11-20T11:43:00","slug":"ve-he-thong-nang-luc-day-hoc-cua-nha-giao-trong-cac-co-so-giao-duc-nghe-nghiep-theo-tiep-can-nang-luc-thuc-hien","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jjhcsj.com\/ve-he-thong-nang-luc-day-hoc-cua-nha-giao-trong-cac-co-so-giao-duc-nghe-nghiep-theo-tiep-can-nang-luc-thuc-hien\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p theo ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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V\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p theo ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p theo ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Qua vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ngh\u1ec1, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m r\u00f5 g\u1ed3m:\u00a0N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u0323c ki\u00ea\u0309m tra, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc\u00a0v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y\u00a0l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o\u00a0nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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Nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o n\u00f3i chung, nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o\u00a0gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p (GDNN) n\u00f3i<\/strong>\u00a0ri\u00eang c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho qu\u1ed1c gia. Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 XI c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00e2u then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Vi\u1ec7t Nam theo h\u01b0\u1edbng chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e1, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c t\u1ec1 [1].<\/p>\n

N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc\u00a0l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng\u00a0nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o GDNN. Theo ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (NLTH), n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o GDNN tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea7u ra, th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc trong \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m.Tuy nhi\u00ean, hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u quan ni\u1ec7m\u00a0kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, n\u1ed9i dung n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o GDNN, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m c\u00f2n d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i, n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o GDNN. Ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn NLTH h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o GDNN, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o GDNN.<\/p>\n

1. Quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cN\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n\u201d l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh (Competency<\/em>\u00a0hay\u00a0Competence<\/em>) ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c (Handlungskompetenz<\/em>) d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o theo ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn NLTH. Theo ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng,\u00a0\u201ccompetency\u201d<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Anh – Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u00e0y nay, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m, kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng \u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1i l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3\u201d l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1\u201d[5].<\/p>\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 NLTH cho th\u1ea5y:\u00a0NLTH l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1 theo chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1eb7t ra, trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/em>. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a NLTH bao g\u1ed3m: Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9; chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 [3](s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 1).<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn NLTH trong \u0111a\u0300o ta\u0323o nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o GDNN l\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a NLTH, ti\u0301ch h\u01a1\u0323p gi\u01b0\u0303a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00ea\u0309 nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o GDNN co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 hoa\u0300n tha\u0300nh \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c nhi\u00ea\u0323m vu\u0323 da\u0323y ho\u0323c cu\u0309a mi\u0300nh. Nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc theo chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1eb7t ra, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o GDNN.<\/p>\n

2. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o GDNN theo ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn NLTH<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean. C\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0a ra 5 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c [6], c\u00f3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0a ra 7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c [7]. Theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ngh\u1ec1 theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p DACUM cho th\u1ea5y, nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o GDNN c\u00f3 3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh:(1) N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m; (2) N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 (3) N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Trong n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 2 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh: (1) N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 (2) N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c [3].<\/p>\n

N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 qua 4 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0: N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc; n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ki\u1ec3m tra, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc (s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 2). Qua ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ngh\u1ec1, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f2n cho th\u1ea5y, trong m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

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2.1. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 sau:<\/p>\n

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\"Texta) N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc sinh l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y; n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o; x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc (n\u1ed9i dung d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc); n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c\u00a0thu th\u1eadp gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u; n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u2026<\/p>\n

Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean,\u00a0n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc sinh l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y)<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u00a0N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1eafm v\u1eefng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, k\u1ef9 x\u1ea3o c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u1edf h\u1ecdc sinh (\u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc trong b\u01b0\u1edbc sau). Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng k\u1ef9 x\u1ea3o, thao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n trong b\u00e0i; Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1edbp; Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc h\u1ee3p l\u00fd; X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n cho m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00f3m (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u00f3m)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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V\u00ec v\u1eady, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean bi\u1ebft x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9, ph\u1ea1m vi l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

b)\u00a0 N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/p>\n

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea1y, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, khai th\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc g\u1eafn v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

Theo ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn NLTH, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1:<\/p>\n

* N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c vi\u1ebft m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 nhi\u00ea\u0300u gia\u0301o vi\u00ean r\u00e2\u0301t mu\u00f4\u0301n da\u0323y th\u00e2\u0323t t\u00f4\u0301t, nh\u01b0ng do ho\u0323 kh\u00f4ng co\u0301 y\u0301 t\u01b0\u01a1\u0309ng ro\u0303 ra\u0300ng v\u00ea\u0300 ca\u0301i \u0111i\u0301ch cu\u00f4\u0301i cu\u0300ng pha\u0309i \u0111a\u0323t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c sau ba\u0300i da\u0323y n\u00ean \u0111\u00ea\u0301n cu\u00f4\u0301i bu\u00f4\u0309i ho\u0323c, co\u0301 nhi\u00ea\u0300u ho\u0323c sinh th\u01b0\u0323c hi\u00ea\u0323n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c, co\u0301 m\u00f4\u0323t s\u00f4\u0301 ho\u0323c sinh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng, \u0111i\u1ec3u n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o\u00a0n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c vi\u1ebft m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc\u00a0<\/em>c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.\u00a0<\/em>Mu\u0323c ti\u00eau da\u0323y h\u1ecdc la\u0300 tuy\u00ean b\u00f4\u0301 v\u00ea\u0300 nh\u01b0\u0303ng gi\u0300 ho\u0323c sinh pha\u0309i hi\u00ea\u0309u ro\u0303, pha\u0309i la\u0300m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c sau ba\u0300i h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

* N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/p>\n

Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o thay th\u1ebf cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ri\u00eang cho m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ea1o ra ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc theo ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn NLTH th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc, do v\u1eady n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc trong bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc.\u00a0X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc, v\u00ec m\u1ed7i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

* M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c<\/em><\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u1ed1t vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa nh\u01b0: N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c thu th\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u; N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed; N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc; N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v.v..<\/p>\n

2.2. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc theo ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn NLTH l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1y t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc nh\u1eb1m l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 sau:<\/p>\n

a) N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc, d\u00f9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng hay hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1y. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u nh\u1ea5t trong d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1y bi\u1ebft khai th\u00e1c, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t huy t\u00ednh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

b) N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/em><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, h\u1ecdc c\u1ee5 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc. N\u1ebfu khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ee1 v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 trong gi\u1edd l\u00ean l\u1edbp, gi\u1edd gi\u1ea3ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 gi\u1edd gi\u1ea3ng s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung khi khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c cho b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng; S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00e2m sinh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh; S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac, \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9; \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh; S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

c) N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng (thao t\u00e1c m\u1eabu)<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t<\/u>: Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m m\u1eabu<\/p>\n

Trong b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c, c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng…). S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00f3, c\u00e1c kh\u00e2u chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp, d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1c sai s\u00f3t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra khi h\u1ecdc sinh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp; Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng; \u0110\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch k\u00e8m theo; D\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc sinh d\u1ec5 quan s\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc hai<\/u>: Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng (hay \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c) m\u1eabu<\/p>\n

N\u00eau r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 thao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u00e8m theo, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng phim, \u1ea3nh minh h\u1ecda), sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n

(a) Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1eabu v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n; (b) Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1eabu v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1eadm, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c, c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c kh\u00e2u chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh quan s\u00e1t ghi nh\u1edb t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c, c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c; (c) Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c sai s\u00f3t th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang; (d) Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1eabu v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 3<\/u>: \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i\u00a0 h\u1ecdc sinh bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u1eeba th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c m\u1eabu v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n

d) N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u0323c t\u00e2\u0323p theo nho\u0301m<\/em><\/p>\n

D\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc theo nh\u00f3m v\u01b0\u0300a la\u0300 m\u00f4\u0323t hi\u0300nh th\u01b0\u0301c da\u0323y ho\u0323c v\u01b0\u0300a la\u0300 m\u00f4\u0323t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng pha\u0301p da\u0323y ho\u0323c ti\u0301ch c\u01b0\u0323c \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00ec t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, mu\u1ed1n da\u0323y ho\u0323c t\u01b0\u01a1ng ta\u0301c theo nho\u0301m co\u0301 k\u00ea\u0301t qua\u0309, ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u00e2\u0300n co\u0301 ca\u0301c NLTH sau \u0111\u00e2y:\u00a0a) N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u0323c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb:\u00a0<\/em>\u0110\u00f2i h\u1ecfi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 co\u0301 kha\u0309 n\u0103ng chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb n\u1ed9i dung, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p da\u0323y ho\u0323c, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp v.v.. \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3;\u00a0b)<\/em>\u00a0N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u0323c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd:\u00a0<\/em>\u0110\u00f2i h\u1ecfi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft thu\u0309 thu\u00e2\u0323t chia nh\u00f3m theo y\u00eau c\u00e2\u0300u cu\u0309a ba\u0300i ho\u0323c va\u0300 mu\u0323c \u0111i\u0301ch da\u0323y ho\u0323c cu\u0309a mi\u0300nh. Theo d\u00f5i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m (ghi bi\u00ean b\u1ea3n, ghi ch\u00e9p, theo d\u00f5i,\u2026), g\u01a1\u0323i y\u0301 ki\u0323p th\u01a1\u0300i ca\u0301c v\u01b0\u01a1\u0301ng m\u0103\u0301c cu\u0309a ca\u0301c nho\u0301m , \u2026<\/p>\n

\u0111) N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c giao ti\u1ebfp, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/em><\/p>\n

Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u00f3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3m s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u b\u00e0i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd trong gi\u1edd gi\u1ea3ng. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u00f2n l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i n\u0103ng s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o GDNN nh\u1edd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ed1t m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp thu b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n

N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c \u00fd ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t, c\u1eed ch\u1ec9, \u0111i\u1ec7u b\u1ed9. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3:\u00a0a) V\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung:\u00a0<\/em>Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng tin l\u1edbn, di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng, s\u00fac t\u00edch. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00f4ng tin logic;\u00a0b) V\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c:\u00a0<\/em>Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, gi\u00e0u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, c\u00f3 ng\u1eef \u0111i\u1ec7u, s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a, bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng sai ph\u1ea1m v\u1ec1 tu t\u1eeb h\u1ecdc, v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p, v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef \u00e2m. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y sao cho d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c lay \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

e) N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea9y ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0: a) C\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng; b) C\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u00e1c phong, trang ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean; c) C\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c lu\u00f4n di\u1ec5n ra h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1ed1t c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m n\u1ea3y sinh, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c uy t\u00edn cho gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

2.3. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u0323c ki\u00ea\u0309m tra, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c. L\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng l\u00ean, t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

\n

\u0110\u00ea\u0309 \u0111a\u0301nh gia\u0301 k\u00ea\u0301t qua\u0309 ho\u0323c t\u00e2\u0323p cu\u0309a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c kh\u00e1ch quan, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i co\u0301 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u0323c bi\u00ean soa\u0323n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ca\u0301c c\u00f4ng cu\u0323 \u0111a\u0301nh gia\u0301, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e2n ti\u0301ch ca\u0301c minh ch\u01b0\u0301ng \u0111a\u0301nh gia\u0301,… v\u00e2\u0323n du\u0323ng tha\u0300nh tha\u0323o va\u0300 linh hoa\u0323t ca\u0301c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng pha\u0301p va\u0300 ky\u0303 thu\u00e2\u0323t ki\u00ea\u0309m tra, \u0111a\u0301nh gia\u0301 theo ti\u00ea\u0301p c\u00e2\u0323n NLTH.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

2.4. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh, th\u1eddi gian bi\u1ec3u cho cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc (l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch); bi\u1ebft huy \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng, ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u00f4\u0301t c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc (t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n); h\u01b0\u01a1\u0301ng d\u00e2\u0303n, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trong l\u1edbp, nh\u00f3m, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ti\u00ea\u0301n tri\u0300nh va\u0300 th\u01a1\u0300i gian da\u0323y ho\u0323c \u0111\u00ea\u0309 vi\u1ec7c da\u0323y ho\u0323c \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau da\u0323y ho\u0323c \u0111a\u0303 \u0111\u1ec1 ra (ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n). M\u0103\u0323t kha\u0301c, pha\u0309i bi\u00ea\u0301t t\u01b0\u0323 ki\u1ec3m tra, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ru\u0301t kinh nghi\u00ea\u0323m cho vi\u00ea\u0323c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, theo ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn NLTH, th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ngh\u1ec1, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p DACUM, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o GDNN \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, n\u1ed9i dung, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n cao (s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 3). H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o GDNN l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o GDNN trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, logic. \u0110\u00e2y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o GDNN, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1.\/.<\/p>\n

TS. V\u0169 Xu\u00e2n H\u00f9ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u KHDN<\/em><\/p>\n

(B\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed khoa h\u1ecdc d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 30- Th\u00e1ng 3\/2016)<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] V\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p theo ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p theo ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Qua…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":2061,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[21],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nV\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p theo ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n - Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng Du l\u1ecbch V\u0169ng T\u00e0u<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jjhcsj.com\/ve-he-thong-nang-luc-day-hoc-cua-nha-giao-trong-cac-co-so-giao-duc-nghe-nghiep-theo-tiep-can-nang-luc-thuc-hien\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"V\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p theo ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n - Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng Du l\u1ecbch V\u0169ng T\u00e0u\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] V\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p theo ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p theo ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. 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